Nobody thought much about the locked metal cabinet in the medical school at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. It was another forgotten fixture in the anatomy department -- until a researcher last year found seven skulls with yellowing labels indicating the remains were those of Native Americans from California's Central Coast.
Earlier this month, the skulls and several bone fragments were boxed and placed aboard a jet to Los Angeles at London's Heathrow Airport. In a quiet ceremony, they were reburied in San Luis Obispo County, more than a century after their odyssey began.
"They didn't volunteer to leave the U.S.," said John Burch, a spiritual leader of the tiny Salinan tribe. "They were kidnapped, and now they're home."
Repatriation, the return to tribes of indigenous bones and artifacts, is not always a smooth road. A 1990 federal law, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, calls for museums and other institutions to give remains and relics back to federally recognized tribes that request them.
The process, however, is cumbersome for tribes and frustrating for scientists who believe certain items should remain accessible for study.
The act and similar state laws do not apply to foreign institutions. Still, the University of Birmingham, among others, sees repatriation as "a moral choice," said June Jones, a bioethicist in the university's School of Medical and Dental Sciences.
The school also is returning aboriginal bones to Australia and Maori bones to groups in New Zealand.
"This is an honor," Jones said. "It's all about respect for cultures and beliefs, even if they don't happen to be ours."
How and when the Salinan bones got to Birmingham is unknown. The only clues came from the handwritten labels: "Dug from a grave near Avila, San Luis Obispo County, California by R.W. Summers."
Summers was an Episcopal minister in San Luis Obispo from 1881 until his death in 1898. He was also an avid amateur archaeologist who assembled an extensive collection of Native American relics.
In his journals, he wrote of finding skeletons and "ornaments of stone, bone and shell ... placed in the grave by loving hands, that the departed warrior might appear well in the happy spirit-land."
"Getting remains into the U.S. has been very problematic," said Dave Singleton, a program analyst with the heritage commission. "As far as we know, this is the first of its kind in California."
Singleton said the Chumash have expressed interest in asking the British Museum to repatriate the more than 200 items still there.
Up the coast in San Luis Obispo, anthropologist Robert Hoover, a professor emeritus at Cal Poly, identified the skulls as "pretty clearly Native American."
One sign was the shovel-shaped incisor teeth typical of Native Americans; another was a pattern of wear consistent with grit in the early Native American diet.
The remains were "prehistoric," Hoover said. To avoid damaging the bones, no DNA or other testing has been performed.
At a ceremony in a serene, secret spot where other Native Americans are buried, Burch said a few words. There was subdued drumming. He faced a crowd of about 25 tribal members, and a few local officials looked on. The skulls were laid in the ground facing west.
"They're home," Burch said.
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